AFRICA is home to over 60% of the world’s arable land, offering immense potential to become a global agricultural powerhouse.
However, despite this vast agricultural capability, the continent still faces significant levels of poverty, food insecurity, and reliance on imports.
The paradox is striking: Africa possesses the resources to feed not only itself but also the world, yet it continues to grapple with hunger, unemployment, and dependency on external food sources.
This begs the question: how can Africa overcome this contradiction?
The root causes of Africa’s agricultural paradox
The disconnect between Africa's potential and its agricultural reality can be attributed to several underlying factors. These include:
Underutilised agricultural potential
Despite its abundant arable land, only a fraction of Africa’s agricultural resources are fully exploited. Many regions lack the infrastructure, technology, and investments necessary to transform this potential into meaningful productivity.
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Poor infrastructure
Infrastructure remains one of the continent’s most significant challenges. Weak transportation networks hinder farmers from delivering their produce to markets, while inadequate storage facilities lead to significant post-harvest losses.
Furthermore, the lack of modern irrigation systems leaves agriculture dependent on rain, making it vulnerable to climate change.
Over-reliance on imports
Africa spends approximately US$35 billion annually on food imports, despite its capacity to produce much of its own food. This dependence weakens domestic agricultural sectors, reducing the incentive for local investment and innovation.
Policy and governance issues
Inconsistent agricultural policies, coupled with poor governance and corruption, have hindered Africa’s agricultural development. Many African nations lack coherent, long-term agricultural strategies that could provide the foundation for food security and sustainable growth.
Climate change
Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change, which disrupts food production through erratic rainfall, droughts, and floods. Additionally, land degradation and desertification continue to erode the continent’s agricultural capacity, threatening both productivity and sustainability.
Strategies for Africa
To transform its agricultural sector and unlock its potential, Africa must adopt a multi-faceted approach that addresses both immediate challenges and long-term systemic issues. Here are some strategies to guide this transformation:
Investing in techniques
Increasing productivity is key to Africa’s agricultural success. This can be achieved by investing in modern farming technologies, such as improved seeds, fertilisers, irrigation systems, and advanced farming equipment.
Precision agriculture, which leverages data and technology to optimise production, can help farmers achieve higher yields. Both governments and private investors need to focus on providing affordable technologies and training farmers to implement them effectively.
Building agricultural infrastructure
Improved infrastructure is critical to reducing post-harvest losses and enabling farmers to access markets more efficiently. African governments must prioritise the construction of rural roads, transportation networks, and storage facilities.
Investing in climate-resilient infrastructure, such as modern irrigation systems, will ensure that agriculture remains productive, even in the face of changing weather patterns.
Enhancing access to financing
Access to affordable loans, credit facilities, and insurance is essential for farmers to expand their operations and mitigate risks. Governments, financial institutions, and international organisations should create financial products tailored to the needs of smallholder farmers.
These could include microfinance, agricultural cooperatives, and mobile banking solutions, which provide farmers with quick and easy access to capital.
Promoting agricultural cooperatives, value chains
Smallholder farmers often face significant challenges when working in isolation. By forming cooperatives, farmers can pool their resources, share knowledge, and gain better access to markets.
Cooperatives also provide farmers with greater bargaining power when purchasing inputs or selling their products. Additionally, developing agricultural value chains — where local produce is processed and packaged for both domestic and international markets — can increase value-added exports and create jobs across the continent.
Boosting local food production
Africa must prioritise local food production to reduce its dependence on imports. Governments should implement policies that incentivise local production through subsidies, tax breaks, and public-private partnerships.
Trade policies should be designed to protect domestic agriculture while promoting intra-African trade, particularly through initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).
By reducing import bills and strengthening local industries, Africa can move closer to achieving food security.
Fostering agricultural education, training
Education and training are vital to the future of African agriculture. Agricultural institutions must offer modern farming techniques, business management, and sustainable practices.
Extension services that provide real-time information on crop management, weather patterns, and market conditions will help farmers make informed decisions and improve their productivity.
Adapting to climate change
Africa must proactively address the impact of climate change on agriculture. This includes investing in research and development to create drought-resistant crops and farming methods that conserve water.
In addition, reforestation and soil conservation programs will help reverse land degradation and ensure long-term agricultural sustainability.
Fostering Public-Private Partnerships
Governments alone cannot solve Africa’s agricultural challenges. Collaboration between the public and private sectors is essential to driving innovation, investment, and policy reform.
Governments must create an enabling environment for private sector investment in agriculture, while businesses should invest in building supply chains, agribusinesses, and value-added processing industries.
Improving governance, policy consistency
Clear, consistent, and long-term agricultural policies are essential for creating a stable environment for investment. Governments must work to eliminate corruption and ensure that agricultural policies are inclusive, addressing the needs of smallholder farmers, women, and rural communities. Consistent governance will provide the foundation for sustainable agricultural growth and food security.
The Roadmap
Africa has the potential not only to feed itself but also to become a major player in the global agricultural market. The continent’s success in agriculture will require political will, smart investments, and a shift toward sustainable, modern farming practices.
With the right strategies and collaborations, Africa can truly become the world's breadbasket, leading the way toward global food security.
Otaruyina is a market expansion consultant with Ruyina Global and The Elevation Coach. She specialises in helping entrepreneurs and businesses unlock their full potential by expanding their reach across borders, particularly between Africa and the Caribbean. With a passion for purpose-driven leadership, Dr. Otaruyina empowers individuals to tap into their talents, skills, and divine purpose to create multiple streams of income and global impact
