Guest Column Joseph Ogutu
ACROSS the world, migratory animals like wildebeest — which rely on movement to find food, water and calving grounds — are under threat.
This is mainly because their migration routes are being cut off by fences, settlements, farms, roads and other developments, and the areas where they roam are getting smaller. The animals also face the additional challenges of poaching and having less food to eat because of livestock overgrazing and agriculture.
We wanted to know how wildebeest migrations in East Africa were faring. To do this we analysed trends in the region’s five remaining migratory wildebeest populations. We used maps from the colonial era, literature reviews and aerial survey databases. We also used GPS collared animals and held interviews with researchers and residents to assess how wildebeest migration routes and populations have changed over time.
We found extreme declines in the numbers of migrating wildebeest and loss of most migration routes in Kenya and Tanzania. Four of the five contemporary migrations, including the Mara-Loita migration, are severely threatened and have virtually collapsed.
This collapse increases the risk of local extinctions of wildebeest in four historically wildlife-rich East African ecosystems. This is because they are obstructed from accessing critical resources.
Keep Reading
- Chamisa under fire over US$120K donation
- Mavhunga puts DeMbare into Chibuku quarterfinals
- Pension funds bet on Cabora Bassa oilfields
- Councils defy govt fire tender directive
The study
East Africa’s remaining populations of migratory wildebeest are found in five ecosystems. Using aerial survey monitoring data, collected over almost 60 years (from 1957 to 2016) in Kenya and Tanzania, we found that four migrations have virtually collapsed. The Athi-Kaputiei, Amboseli and Mara-Loita migrations are the most severely threatened.
Serengeti-Mara
This covers about 40 000km2 and straddles Kenya and Tanzania.
Since 1977, the total number of wildebeest in the area stayed at roughly 1.3 million individuals. But the number of wildebeest crossing from the Serengeti to the Maasai Mara went down by 73%, from 588 000 animals in 1979 to 157 000 in 2016.
Greater Amboseli
Covering an area of about 7 730km2, this area also straddles Kenya and Tanzania. The Amboseli’s migrating population declined by 85% from 16 300 animals in 1977 to under 2 400 in 2014.
Mara-Loita
This covers about 7 500km2 in south-western Kenya.
The number of migrating wildebeest here has crashed by 81% from over 123 000 animals in 1977, to under 20 000 in 2016.
Athi-Kaputiei This spans 2 200km2 and is near Nairobi, Kenya’s capital. The Athi-Kaputiei’s migrating population fell by 95% from 27 000 animals in 1977 to less than 3 000 in 2014.
Tarangire-Manyara
Found in northern Tanzania, the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem and adjoining village lands, covers 35 000km2. The number of migrating wildebeest has decreased by 72% since 1990, that is, from 48 800 to 13 600 animals in 2016.
Leading threats
The threats facing the various populations differ in each area. The leading causes of decline are poorly planned agricultural expansion, fences, settlements, urban centres, roads and other infrastructure, poaching and competition with livestock for food, space and drinking water. Government policy in Kenya also encourages private over communal land tenure. This promotes land subdivision.
Fences, for example, are expanding fast in the Mara-Loita ecosystem. This was driven by the splitting of former group ranches — communally owned land — and the formation of some wildlife conservancies.
Ultimately, the threats are driven by increasing human and livestock numbers. The way land is used (from former grazing areas to farmland) is changing and there’s also more human-wildlife conflict as more animals come into contact with people. So, there have been failures on a number of fronts. These include policies that don’t regulate where people settle, wildlife conservation and management policies.
A key government wildlife policy failure in Kenya is that it has focused primarily on protected areas. But these areas cover only 8% of the country’s land surface and support only 35% of the wildlife. The other 65% occupies private lands, which all the four threatened wildebeest migrations cross.
A huge problem here is that there is no incentive for private landowners to look after wildlife. They receive little to no benefit from wildlife. This is because Kenya banned the use of and trade in wildlife and wildlife products in 1977. This restricts opportunities to game viewing. But tourists don’t visit many areas and so other land uses, like agriculture and livestock production, are more appealing.
What must be done
Urgent action is needed to save these migrations. Unfortunately, warnings like these are often ignored by the national institutions that conserve wildlife. Saving the migrations means much more regulation, securing more land, partnering with local communities and, ultimately, reducing human population growth, in particular, the regulation of livestock numbers, fences, settlements, farms and roads.
Land must be restored — meaning settlements cleared and cultivation on migration routes stopped — and key rivers (like the Mara River which could be dammed) must be protected. Deforestation must also be better managed.
Major roads that cut across migratory routes should include under or over passes for migrating wildlife. And robust law enforcement is needed to reduce the illegal hunting of animals for bushmeat.
There have been attempts to protect migratory pathways by forming wildlife conservancies. These have been set up by private landowners, usually in collaboration with a tourism partner, to protect areas while providing land rents and jobs to local communities. But more support is needed by communities and investors in tourism to plan, expand and manage these conservancies which are outside State-protected areas.
The weakness of these conservancies is that they usually lease land from communities for a short period. But they’re expensive to maintain because the land that’s leased covers large areas. Another option would be for the State and other conservation actors to buy land for conservation.
Another intervention is that the community benefit more from wildlife, in terms of jobs and income, predominantly through tourism. This would reduce incentives for poaching and habitat degradation.
There must also be greater coordination and collaboration between Kenya and Tanzania to conserve trans-boundary migrations.
The fact that intense droughts have become more frequent makes these changes the more urgent.